THE FOURTH FOSSIL FUEL
OIL SANDS AND ORIMULSION Edition 1 – 2003 From the NRG Expert Historical Energy Data Series Three have been some objections to Orimulsion from environmental lobbies but in reality the fuel is no more environmentally dangerous than other fossil fuels, and better than some. Emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of electricity generated from burning […]
Water and Waste Utilities of the World
Climate change is a serious and contentious issue. There is some disagreement on the issue of climate change as opinions coalesce but reports suggest that temperatures could rise substantially, whilst rainfall is expected to decline and sea levels to rise. The issue, in common with others such as the use of renewable energy and the […]
Biomass Report – Direct and Indirect Use Ed 1 2004 – NRG Expert Historical Series
Biomass energy or bio energy is the energy from organic matter. It has been used for thousands of years. Wood is still the world’s largest biomass energy resource but many other sources of biomass can now be used, including plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, animal waste and the organic component of municipal and industrial […]
The European Gas pipeline network
The total European transmission system extends over some 132,000 km of pipes, connected to 174,000 km in Russia and Ukraine, which is in turn connected to other pipelines further east. These networks service vast distribution systems. To give an indication of the scale, Ruhrgas estimates the length of the buried transmission and distribution network in […]
Global Gas Deregulation
It is increasingly apparent that deregulating energy markets is not easy. The path is full of pitfalls and very few countries which have embarked in this course are now where they thought they would be. Three regions of the world provide many valuable lessons in privatisation and liberalisation, for two reasons, Europe, North America and […]
The Influence of Gas
It was not that long ago that natural gas was a waste product of the oil industry and flared instead of utilised as an energy source. Interest in natural gas increased as its’ value as a fuel for power generation and heating was understood. Natural gas is now projected to become the number two fuel […]
Oil Shale & Shale Oil
It is worth noting that ‘oil shale’ is neither ‘oil’ nor ‘shale’ and should in act be called ‘kerogen saturated marl’. Most oil shale is a fine-grain sedimentary rock containing significant amounts of an organic bituminous material known as kerogen and can be a precursor to conventional oil. Oil shale composition varies from location to […]
China’s Greenhouse Gas Problems
Outside Japan, energy consumption in East Asia is dominated by one sector in one country; the industrial sector in China. Overall, China’s energy consumption accounts for approximately 53% of East Asia’s total energy consumption with the exception of Japan. In 2001, China accounted for 9.8% of world energy consumption. By 2025, projections indicate that China […]
Discovery of Reserves
Since 2006 nearly half of new discoveries have been in deep waters. For example, in 2010 oil discoveries were reported off the coast of Angola, Brazil, Ghana, Norway and in the US Gulf of Mexico, to name a few. Very few large reserves have been discovered in the past ten years. New discoveries of conventional […]
US Energy Related CO2 Emissions
It is estimated that US energy-related CO2 emissions in 2001 totalled 5,692 Mt. To put US emissions in a global perspective, total energy-related CO2 emissions for the world in 2001were estimated at 23,899 Mt, making US emissions about 24% of the world total. Emissions for the industrialised world, that is, North America, Western Europe, and […]